Frank Smith

1. Describe author's understanding of literacy

• Entering literacy from birth, whether spoken or written--experiencing from people you will model so you're in the club

                -- Language learning and use at the same time (acquisition)

• No exclusion--pre schooling

• Vicarious learning: learn from what other people do

• Literacy must be learned in context

• A teacher's negative comments isolate students from the "club" and they no longer want to be part of the "club"

• Students don't learn literacy through reading instruction

2. Label this framework

• Empiricism, pragmatism, behaviorism, phenomenology

3. Apply the framework to interpreting something else

• Second Life

            --Behaviorism: stimuli and response; Free Dove (not a musical group)

            --Phenomenology: how did you feel when you entered Second Life

            --Pragmatism: Action was learning tutorial style (hands-on tutorial)

Walter J. Ong

1. Describe author's understanding of literacy

• Human knowledge demands both proximity and distance

• Literacy is not just knowing the symbols, it's the ability to understand the symbols in discrete context

• Full understanding is deeper than articulation

• Literate: visualize letters / illiterate: sound-based

• Having symbols = structure

• Separating symbols from ideas is what allows for knowledge

• Plato challenged by writing

• Literacy is the application of symbols to a previously oral thought

2. Label this framework

• Structuralism?

• Contextualism / Indexicality

• Dichotomy

3. Apply the framework to interpreting something else

• Behavior in the home vs behavior in the class

Richard Ohmann

1. Describe author's understanding of literacy

• Literacy from above and below

• Social exchanges

• Class status determines when/where you will or will not be literate

• You can be literate in your class but move to upper class and no longer be literate

• Technology is reinforcing that divide: works from the top down, which makes the elite more literate and further stratifies the literate from above and the illiterate from below

• Literacy as a process of liberation

2. Label this framework

• Capitalism

• Marxism

• Humanism

• Utilitarianism

3. Apply the framework to interpreting something else

• Academic discourse utilizes a capitalistic approach