Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe (CHIN-oo-ah ah-chay-BAY) Tradition looms large in Igbo society; Achebe demonstrates the importance of kinship, the devotion to ancestors, and the establishment and maintenance of order through elaborate customs. Consider what Achebe might be intending to teach a Western audience (us) or post-colonial Africans through this novel. His use of foreign words, inclusion of proverbs, and the thick descriptions of various rituals are deliberate. Consider these issues and those raised by the questions below as you read the novel. |
I think that words have a magic, that human situations create a magic, that you can capture that extra dimension by placing ideas side by side. One shouldn't bemoan the fact that television and the media have come into our lives. It's possible to see them as just another source of information. I think that for me it's definitely been an advantage to be able to invoke the culture of my past and the language that went with it while dealing with a contemporary situation. . . . If one didn't realize the world was complex, vast and diverse, one would write as if the world were one little county and this would make us poor and we would have impoverished the novel.
Achebe, Conjunctions Interview http://www.conjunctions.com/archives/c17-ca.htm
Pre-literate Nigeria once enjoyed a verbal art civilization which, at its high point, was warmly patronized by traditional rulers and the general public. At a period when writing was unknown, the oral medium served the people as a bank for the preservation of their ancient experiences and beliefs. Much of the evidence that related to the past of Nigeria, therefore, could be found in oral traditions.
Bade Ajuwon, qtd. In Brown Univ. Nigeria Web http://landow.stg.brown.edu/post/nigeria/orality.html
Reading Assignments and Questions
1. Part I: Chs. 1-6
Okonkwo's character: What are his qualities, how does he earn the respect of clan members? What role does he play within his own family? In what respects is he a typical man of Umuofia? How is Okonkwo different from his father? What does he fear? What is chi? How does his chi effect Okonkwo? Does Okonkwo consistently follow the social rules? What does Okonkwo's attitude about wrestling suggest about his character?
Social Customs and Rituals: What qualities are important in an Igbo man? An Igbo woman? What are families in Umuofia like? What's the importance of the clan? What kinds of social customs and rituals are important in Umuofia? What behaviors are expected? How do they establish rank and respect? How do speakers in Umuofia use proverbs? What does it mean to have a title? What occasions does the clan celebrate? What significance does the clan attribute to yams?
2. Chs. 7-13
Okonkwo's Family: What role does Ikemefuna play in the family? How does Okonkwo believe Ikemefuna has helped his son? What compels fear Okonkwo's action? How does Nwoye differ from his father? What does Okonkwo think of his daughter, Ezinma? What does Ekwefi think about her chi? What is an iyi-uwa? What does Chielo, priestess of Agbala want Ezinma for; and how does Ekwefi feel a conflict between duty and family? How does the accident alter Okonkwo's life?
Social Customs and Rituals: How does Okonkwo believe men ought to treat women? Who decides Ikemefuna's fate and why? What does it mean to have a title? How does it effect one? What does the marriage arrangement ceremony tell us about Igbo values? How do members of the clan think about their own tradition? How does the egu-gwu judge the mistreatment of women? How is the uri celebrated? And what does it signify? What is the kola? How does the village learn about Ezeudu's death and what do we learn about Igbo values from the funeral?
3. Part II: Chs. 14-19
Life in Mbanta: How is Okonkwo able to begin a new life? How do the villagers receive Okonkwo and why? What values does Uchendu share in his speech? What is it about the Mbanta worldview that makes them decide to give land to the missionaries? Is it a good response? Do all agree? How does Okonkwo feel about his son Nwoye?
Colonialism vs. Tradition: What news does Obierika bring Okonkwo? How does Okonkwo respond? What does Obierika's response to Okonkwo's appreciation say about traditional values? How do the Igbo in Mbanta respond to the message of the missionaries? What puzzles them? Who resists and who accepts them? Why? What does the narrator suggest about politics and religion? What does the clan perceive as an attack and how would Okonkwo have them respond? What does Uchendu's send-off speech see as the threat to his way of life and what does it foreshadow?~
4. Part III: Chs. 20-25
Changes at Umofia: What are the important changes that have taken place during Okonkwo's exile? Why does Obierika claim "It is already to late" to fight? What does Obierika mean when he says "we have fallen apart"? What disappoints Okonkwo about his reception? How do the men of Umofia see their situation during the council?
Okonkwo's Values: How does the loss of Nwoye effect his attitude towards his remaining sons? What have the seven years of exile done to his place in Umofia? How does Okonkwo's warrior-like character contrast with his treatment at the hands of the commisioner? How does Okonkwo want to respond to his imprisonment? Is he ready to accept the decision of Umuofia's council? Do Okonkwo's final two acts reflect his adherence to traditional values or a deviation from them? How does Obierika see him?
Christianity and Colonialism: How relationship do politics and religion seem to
have? Why does the clan respect the reverend Mr. Brown? How does the narrator present
Christianity and Igbo tradition? Do the Igbo and the colonists understand each other? Why
do Enoch's actions cause such a crisis? What decision does it lead the clan to make? How
does the commissioner explain the authority of Law? How does the role of messengers
exemplify the colonists' political skill? Consider the final exchange between the
commissioner and men of Umuofia--what does it contribute to our sense of the narrator's
attitude towards the two parties?
: http://landow.stg.brown.edu/post/achebe/achebeov.html
In fact, my whole artistic career was probably sparked off by this tension between the Christian religion of my parents, which we followed in our home, and the retreating, older religion of my ancestors, which fortunately for me was still active outside my home. This tension created sparks in my imagination. . . . It was extremely useful that we prayed and read from the Bible and sang hynms night and day. I wasn't uncomfortable with any of that. . . . I was part of a lucky generation, to be planted at a crossroads, a time when the meeting of two cultures produced something of worth. Now it's impossible to grow up having the same faith, belief and attitude toward religion that I had as a child. . . . I was able to compare it with the rather careful and far more humble attitude of my indigenous religion in which because they recognized different gods they also recognized that you might be friendly with this god and fall out with the other one. You might worship Udo to perfection and still be killed by Ogwugwu. Such sayings and proverbs are far more valuable to me as a human being in understanding the complexity of the world than the narrow, doctrinaire, self-righteous attitude of the Christian faith. This other religion, which is am- bivalent, is far more artistically satisfying to me. Achebe, Conjunctions Interview http://www.conjunctions.com/archives/c17-ca.htm
Glossary (from http://www.carthage.edu/departments/Heritage/achebe.html) | |
Persons *=divine or supernatural
+=deceased -A- *Agbala, oracle of the hills and caves Ajofie, leading egwugwu of Umofia Akueke, Maduka's sister, the bride Akunna, great man, befriends missionaries Amadi, the leper *Amadiora, god of the sky Amalinze, wrestler beaten by Okonkwo Amikwu, Okonkwo's cousin, eldest of Uchendo's five sons, sees Nwoye at church Anasi, Nwakibie's first wife Aneto, hanged by the white men *Ani, the earth goddess -C- Chielo, priestess of Agbala *Chukwu, chief god -E- Egonwanne, a coward hated by Okonkwo EKWEFI, OKONKWO'S SECOND WIFE, EZINMA'S MOTHER Ekwensu, great man of Uli *Ekwnesu, evil spirit Enoch, convert, may have killed python Ezeani, priestess of the goddess Ani EZINMA, EKWEFI'S FAVORITE DAUGHTER Ezuedo, elder who dies in village, his son is killed by Okonkwo's gun -I- Ibe, Akueke's suitor |
OBIERIKA, OKOWYE'S FRIEND, MADUKA'S FATHER Oduche, killed by Aneto in fight over land Odukwe, Mgbafo's brother Ogbuefi Udo, his wife was murdered Places |